Did you know that the packaged food we rely on for freshness, shelf life, and convenience may contain more than just nutrients?

Research has found that more than 3,600 chemicals from food packaging have been detected in the human body, with nearly 80 identified as harmful. 

Food packaging has become inseparable from modern life. While convenience has shaped our eating habits, most of us never think twice about the packaging of the food we consume daily.

Behind the facade of convenience, there’s an invisible exchange taking place between the food and the packaging material. 

From cup noodles in plastic containers to canned soda in aluminum, even the safest-looking packaging can release compounds that may pose long-term health risks.

In Malaysia’s tropical climate, chemical migration can occur faster than in cooler-climate countries. That means what is considered “safe” elsewhere may not be equally safe here. 

This article provides a comprehensive Malaysian guide to the hidden chemicals found in food packaging, their potential health effects, and how laboratory testing and certification can protect both businesses and consumers.

Understanding Chemical Migration in Food Packaging

Typically, packaged food has a longer shelf life as it can travel across countries and last for months, while freshly cooked food lasts only for hours or a day. This is an undeniable contrast, enabled by the complex materials and additives used in modern food packaging.

However, these materials can interact with the very food they are meant to protect. Over time, these chemicals may migrate from the packaging into the food, a process known as chemical migration.

What is Chemical Migration?

Chemical migration is a process by which chemical substances from packaging materials transfer into food products through food contact materials, such as printing inks, varnishes, waxes, and adhesives.  

This transfer occurs at the molecular level, making it relatively invisible to the naked eye. Once these chemicals shift, they can contaminate food, altering its composition, safety, and quality, and even affecting taste or odor.

Factors That Influence Chemical Migration

Several factors can contribute to the extent of migration, including:

1. Malaysia’s Tropical Climate

The temperature in Malaysia typically ranges from 25 to 35 °C. This tropical climate increases the rate of chemical migration by two to three times, which can occur faster than in cooler climate countries.

Street stalls, food delivery chains, and non-air-conditioned storage spaces are highly exposed to constant heat and moisture, which can affect the food quality and safety.

2. Food Type

Hot and acidic foods can increase the rate of chemical migration. Heat naturally speeds up molecular movement, while acidic foods like curries or sambal can react with specific coatings or plastic food packaging, accelerating chemical release.

Fatty or oily foods also tend to attract lipophilic chemicals such as phthalates, which further increase the chemical transfer. 

3. Composition and Quality of the Packaging Material

Different packaging materials, such as plastics and metals, exhibit varying degrees of permeability and reactivity. Cheaper, non-food-grade packaging materials also tend to release more harmful compounds.

4. Storage Duration 

While packaged foods are intended for long-term preservation, the longer a food remains in contact with its packaging, the greater the risk of migration.

5. Nature of Chemical Compounds Involved

Certain compounds, such as bisphenol, are more prone to migrate and accumulate in food than others.

Harmful Chemicals in Food Packaging

In Malaysia, several harmful chemicals used in food packaging are either restricted or regulated under Regulation 27 of the Food Regulations 1985. 

Similar standards exist globally under the European Union’s Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011 and its amendment EU 2020/1245, as well as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines on food contact substances.

These harmful substances are often referred to as Food Contact Chemicals (FCCs). Exposure to FCC has been linked to various health risks.

1. Bisphenols (BPA/BPS/BPF)

Bisphenols are industrial chemicals widely used to harden plastics and coat the inner linings of cans. They are commonly found in food can linings, reusable water bottles, and bottle caps.

Among them, Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most prevalent, widely studied, and most concerning chemical compound. BPA is a xenoestrogen belonging to a group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are substances that harm the body’s hormonal system. 

Potential Health Risks

Long-term exposure to BPA has been linked to several health risks, including: 

• Reproductive issues (such as PCOS and infertility)
• Metabolic disorders (such as Type 2 diabetes)
• Impaired child development
• Increased cancer risk

In Malaysia, the use of BPA in baby feeding bottles has been banned since 2012 under the Food Regulations 1985 (Provision 27A). In recent years, many manufacturers have switched to “BPA-free” substitutes, such as Bisphenol S (BPS) and Bisphenol F (BPF). 

While these were initially considered safer alternatives, research suggests that BPS and BPF may also trigger similar endocrine-disrupting chemical effects, raising new safety concerns.

2. Phthalates

Phthalates are plasticizers, chemicals that soften plastic and make it more flexible. They are widely used in the manufacture of food-handling gloves, plastic lids, and even in printing inks and adhesives used on paper-based packaging. 

Since these compounds are not chemically bound to the plastic matrix, they can easily leach into oily or fatty foods, particularly those heated. This makes microwaveable meals and takeout packaging in high-risk categories for phthalate contamination.

Potential Health Risks

Phthalate exposure has been associated with several health outcomes, including:

• Reproductive and fertility issues (such as reduced sperm quality, miscarriages)
• Hormonal disruptions (such as early puberty in girls)
• Developmental delays in children
• Respiratory effects (such as asthma)

In Malaysia, evidence of phthalate contamination in food packaging is still limited, but growing global concern highlights the need for continuous monitoring. 

3. PFAS (“Forever Chemicals”)

PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are commonly used in greaseproof and water-resistant packaging. These chemicals can be found in fast-food wrappers, paper cups, microwave popcorn bags, and molded fiber packaging. 

These “forever chemicals” are particularly concerning because they persist for years in the environment and the human body, affecting breast milk, urine, and blood. They are known for their toxicity and have a high potential to accumulate in your bloodstream and organs. 

Potential Health Risks

Health risks associated with PFAS include:

• Cancer 
• Liver damage
• Immune system impairment
• Hormonal imbalance
• Reproductive issues (such as infertility)
• Thyroid disease 

In Malaysia, PFAS contamination has been detected in coastal waterways and seafood, suggesting possible food-chain exposure. 

While these chemicals are harmful and are still commonly used, there are few stricter regulations and monitoring to limit exposure to them in the Malaysian food supply.

4. Styrene

Styrene is a food-packaging chemical used to manufacture polystyrene foam and plastic food containers, which are commonly used by Malaysian hawker stalls and eateries. Hot or acidic foods are especially prone to this chemical migration.  

Potential Health Risks

With food often served piping hot, the risk of chemical leaching rises, which can cause health risks such as:

• Neurotoxicity
• Nervous system effects
• Hormone disruption
• Increased cancer risk

Despite global movement away from polystyrene, it remains common in Malaysia for its low cost and convenience, especially in hawker stalls and takeaway shops.

Laboratory testing is the only way to confirm that your packaging materials are free from harmful migration. Learn more about our Food Contact Migration Testing services.

High-Risk Packaging in Malaysia

When it comes to food safety, packaging habits in Malaysia play a significant role in our everyday exposure to hidden chemicals. Most local packaging materials are selected for their convenience and affordability, especially for takeaway meals and food delivery services. 

While cost-effective, these materials can leach hazardous chemicals into food when heated, exposed to moisture, or used with oil. These conditions are common in Malaysia’s food culture, starting from teh tarik ikat tepi to mee goreng bungkus. 

Common Local Packaging Types

Among the food packaging materials used in Malaysia, several types are most commonly used due to their durability and low cost.

Malaysian Regulatory Framework

The Food Act 1983 and Food Regulations 1985

The Food Act 1983 and Food Regulations 1985 built the foundation for food safety in Malaysia. These legislations aim to protect consumers from health hazards and fraudulent practices in the preparation, sale, and handling of food.

The regulations cover a broad scope of safety elements, including:

• Compositional standards and food additives
• Contaminants, nutrient supplements, and food labeling
• Food packaging and containers
• Procedures for sample collection and testing
• Penalties for non-compliance

The Ministry of Health (MOH) implemented these laws to cover all food sold in Malaysia, whether locally produced or imported.

Enforcement and Compliance

The Food Safety and Quality Division (FSQD) under MOH oversees food safety enforcement across Malaysia. They are also responsible for inspections, sample testing, and post-market surveillance to ensure compliance with local and international standards.

If businesses were found violating the Act, they may face strict penalties, such as:  

Get your food tested to ensure it meets MOH safety standards and avoid costly non-compliance penalties.

Laboratory Testing in Malaysia

Food packaging safety cannot be determined solely by appearance. Even materials that look safe or are labeled “eco-friendly” or “BPA-free” may release harmful substances when in contact with food.

Laboratory testing verifies whether a packaging material complies with Malaysia’s Food Act 1983 and Food Regulations 1985, ensuring that chemical migration remains within safe limits.

Testing Services Available

In Malaysia, ISO/IEC 17025-accredited laboratories, such as those under the Ministry of Health (MOH), SIRIM, and reputable private testing facilities, provide thorough analysis of food packaging. 

Biochem Laboratories follows EN 1186 and EN 13130 standards, ensuring compliance with international benchmarks, including the EU Framework Regulation (EC) No. 1935/2004 and EU 10/2011 for plastics.

• Food Migration Test
  Migration testing and chemical analysis help measure how much chemical has been transferred from the packaging used into food simulants. The migration limits were set based on toxicological risk assessments.

• Food Test
  This test includes a full suite of food safety analyses covering nutraceutical content and identifying harmful substances to ensure consumer safety and meet the safety standards of local and international regulations.

Cost and Turnaround Time

Testing costs and timelines can vary depending on material type and the complexity of analysis. Biochem provides cost-effective testing solutions without compromising on accuracy or compliance:

Disclaimer: Prices shown are for reference only. Please contact us for a detailed quotation or package options.

When to Test

Testing should be carried out whenever there is a potential change or risk in packaging materials, such as:

• Introducing new products or suppliers
• Using high-risk materials (such as plastics, coated paper, and mixed-material containers)
• Before major product launches or export shipments
• As part of routine quality control to ensure continued compliance

Even if your supplier provides safety documentation, laboratory testing remains the most reliable way to confirm that the materials used are safe for food contact

As concerns grow around food contact chemicals (FCCs) and plastic waste, many Malaysian food businesses are seeking safe packaging solutions. 

These alternatives not only reduce exposure to harmful substances like BPA and phthalates but also help brands meet eco-conscious consumer expectations and regulatory compliance.

1. Glass

Freepik

Glass is one of the safest and most inert materials for food storage and retail packaging. They resist chemical leaching into food and preserve freshness for longer periods. 

Glass jars and bottles are ideal for safely storing and serving a wide range of foods and beverages.

2. Stainless Steel

Freepik

Food-grade stainless steel is a durable and reusable option for both storage and service. It’s highly resistant to rust, heat, and chemical reactions. This made it suitable for cafeterias and catering services. 

Stainless steels are excellent for hygiene and longevity with minimal risk of chemical migration. They are also ideal to use under high temperatures. 

3. Paper-Based Materials

Freepik

Paper-based packaging has gained large awareness across Malaysia’s F&B sector as many are aiming to go eco-friendly. These types of packaging are lightweight, compostable, and recyclable alternatives to plastic.

You have to ensure you always use uncoated or food-grade-certified paper, as recycled or ink-printed papers can contain phthalates and other chemicals. 

Unbleached kraft paper bags, cardboard lunch boxes, and molded fiber trays from sugarcane or bamboo pulp are strong options that meet both sustainability and safety goals.

4. Safer Plastics

Freepik

While there are other alternatives for food packaging, plastics have always been a cost-efficient option for many food vendors. For businesses that still require plastic packaging, certain grades are considered safer.

• HDPE (#2)
  High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is commonly used for milk jugs and condiment bottles, and can be recycled. It is strong and resistant to impact and moisture. While HDPE is not as crystal clear as PET, it is still translucent.

• LDPE (#4)
  Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is used for wraps and squeeze bottles. They are flexible and less likely to leach chemicals due to their food contact compliance.It is ideal for flexible packages like frozen food bags and lids, but should not be used in microwaves or ovens since it’s too flexible for high-temperature use.

• PP (#5)
  Polypropylene (PP) is highly suitable for takeaway containers and recyclable and reusable food tubs. It is a safe thermoplastic for food packaging since it is heat-tolerant and more stable under high temperatures.This packaging material has moisture-barrier properties and is lightweight.These plastics are recognized under Malaysia’s Food Regulations 1985 as lower-risk options when used appropriately for food contact applications.

Business Transition Benefits

Food packaging can account for 8-15% of a product’s total cost. While cost efficiency may be a retailer’s priority, your packaging is how your brand makes its first impression on consumers.

Replacing harmful chemical packaging with safer, sustainable alternatives is not just the safest choice but also a sound business strategy that can help build consumer trust. 

• Reduced Liability and Recall Risks
  Having a reputation for using food-safe, non-toxic packaging can help protect the brand from negative publicity and its food from chemical contamination. This helps prevent costly product recalls and consumer complaints.

• Premium Pricing Opportunities
  Since the cost of sustainable packaging is high, a rise in food prices can justify a 5–15% increase for consumers seeking quality assurance.

• Easier Export Market Access
  Shifting to safer packaging alternatives can play a major role in export market access, as meeting international packaging standards (such as the European Union or the US FDA) opens doors to new markets. Sustainable packaging is often the key to entering high-value regional markets, as the current food chain demands meeting strict Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria.

• ROI Within 12-18 Months (Long-term Cost Management)
  While sustainable packaging can be costly upfront, companies can optimize their packaging designs, which helps reduce material use and logistics expenses in the long run. The Malaysian government also provides tax incentives and subsidies for businesses adopting eco-friendly packaging solutions.

When it comes to protecting consumers and maintaining brand trust, verification is everything. Biochem Laboratories offers complete Food Contact Migration Testing to help you identify and prevent chemical leaching from packaging materials.

Why Businesses Choose Us:

• Accredited Laboratory: Certified testing methods aligned with Malaysian and international food safety standards and recognized by the Ministry of Health (MOH) and ISO/IEC 17025 SAMM Accreditation.
• Comprehensive Analysis: Provides detailed testing to quantify potential contaminants or chemical migration and ensure food safety compliance.

Don’t leave consumer health to chance. Partner with Biochem today for trusted Food Contact Migration Testing!